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SOLVING GEOGRAPHY - NECTA 2013
ANSWERS
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D
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B
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A
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2.
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3. The Features formed by Wave Deposition
Wave deposition is a process in
which water brings sand or pebbles and drops them in another place, and forms
various features such as beach, spit, tombolo, lagoon, bay bar, cuspate
foreland etc.
i) Beach is a landform alongside a body of water
which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are
typically made from rock, such
as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles. The particles can also
be biological in origin, such as mollusc
shells or coralline algae. Some beaches have man-made
infrastructure, such as lifeguard posts, changing rooms, showers, shacks and
bars. They may also have hospitality venues (such as resorts, camps, hotels,
and restaurants) nearby.
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| Beach |
ii) Spit is
a landform made by the deposition of sand by the movement of tides. Spits are
narrow and elongated – one end is attached to the mainland and the other is out
in open water. A spit develops when waves meet the beach at an oblique angle,
moving sediment down the beach and into the open waters where it is deposited
in a narrow strip. As a spit grows, it might become stable and fertile and even
support habitation.
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| Spit |
iii) Cuspate foreland A large, triangular area of coastal deposition, which is dominated
by many shingle ridges and is often terminated on the landward side by poorly
drained terrain. It is the result of a long episode of local marine aggradation
under wave advance from two dominant directions.
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| Cuspate foreland |
iv) Lagoon is
a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs. Lagoons are
commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. They have
also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines. There is
an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of
water classified as estuaries. Lagoons are common coastal features around
many parts of the world.
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| Lagoon |
v) Tombolo, is a deposition landform in which an
island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the
island is then known as a tied island. A tombolo is a sandy isthmus.
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| Tombolo |
vi) Bay bar is a bank of sand or of sand and
gravel deposited by waves and currents across the mouth of a bay so that the
bay is no longer connected or is connected only by a narrow outlet with the
main body of water.
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| Bay bar |
vii) Barrier beaches are
narrow, low-lying strips of beach and dunes that are roughly parallel to the
coastline and are separated from the mainland by a body of water or wetland.
Hundreds of barrier beaches line the Massachusetts coastline. These landforms
were created and are constantly changed by coastal processes, such as erosion,
overwash during storms, dune movement, and inlet formation and migration.
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| Barrier beaches |
4. (a) Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean.
(b) (i) Range =Highest age - lowest age
Range = 15-5
Range = 10
The range of the age of the pupils is 10
- MEDIAN
1 Step: Arrange age of the pupils in ascending order or descending order.
5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 , 15
2 Step: Find the middle number (If the age of the pupils is in the series of an odd number)
find the average of two middle number ( If the age of the pupils is in the series of an even number )
( 8+12)/2=20/2
= 10
Therefore, the median of the age of the pupils is 10
5. (a). Research is the careful collection of data/information based on a problem, analyzing the data and making conclusion out of those collected. Or Research is a scientific and systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data basing on a certain phenomena.
(b) Four benefits of conducting research are
(i) Research develop or generate new knowledge e.g the information produced by research can be applied in many ways.
(ii) It helps to improve human activities for the betterment of people e.g A society can develop irrigation scheme when finds show that there is food shortage.
(iii) Research can be used to develop new theories and laws.
(iv) Research enable in finding solutions about the special programmes e.g HIV, hunger, etc.
6. (a). The best steps required in order to conduct an accurate chain survey are
(i) Reconnaissance / preliminary inspection/primary surveying
It is the process of taking general view of the land to be surveyed in order to get real picture of the work to be done. It is done by visual observation of the area. During the reconnaissance the surveyor does walking around the area to be surveyed and taking general views and noting down the dominant features area, Boundaries of the area, Corners of the boundaries of the area and Other structures such as building, big trees, ponds, lakes, small hills
(ii) Actual survey /secondary survey
This steps involved observing, measuring and recording direction, angles distance and elevation by using surveying equipment or tools.
(iii) Presentation
This involves presentation of data or information collected or recorded, the information can be presented by writing or drawing form
(b) The following are the five good booking methods used in chain survey
(i) Each chain age should be recorded on a separate sheet.
(ii) All measurement should be recorded on a separate sheet.
(iii)Temporary books or loose sheets of paper must never be used for recording
(iv) Sketches should be neat and complete
(v) Figures should be neat, overwriting is not permitted and good quality pencil should be used.
7. (b). The following are the major types of transport shown in the area.
(i) Roads due to the presence of road symbol on the map
(ii) Railway due to the presence of Railway station and railway crossing on the map
(iii) Water navigation due to the presence of lake Tanganyika
(iv) Foot path due to the presence of agriculture and trading centers.
(c) The following are the economic activities taking place in the area apart from fishing activities.
(i) Transportation and communication due to presence of road on the map, presence of lake Tanganyika, presence of Railway station on the map, telephone line, transport line.
(ii) Cultivation due to presence of scattered cultivation on the map .
(iii) lumbering due to presence of woodland on the map .
(iv) Selling goods and services due to presence of market,oil storage area like pier,pipeline and power station on the map
(v) Banking services due to presence of bank on the map.
(d) Map area is located in southern hemisphere
8. Study the photograph provided below, and then answer the questions that follow:
a) Identify the type of the photograph. Give concrete evidence to justify your answer
High Oblique Photograph due to the following reasons:
- It shows both top and side views of features like the buildings
- Its scale reduce progressively from the foreground to the background
- It shows the horizon at the background of the photograph
- The photograph taken when a camera is slanting at an angle less than 90°
- The photograph taken when a camera is slanting at an angle less than 90°
b) By providing evidence from the photograph, describe the relief of the area
Relief is physical appearance of an area or land, the relief of an area is:
Lowland coastal region because the area lies towards the sea at the background of photographed area
c) Explain three possible factors which have contributed to the growth of this town
1. Relief, the area is located in lowland landscape which influences the people to establish various settlements and infrastructures
2. Water body, presence of sea at the background of photograph attracts many people to construct various house and infrastructures
2. Water body, presence of sea at the background of photograph attracts many people to construct various house and infrastructures
3. Trade, presence of sea and harbor influence the growth of town due different trading activities
4. Transport, presence of sea encourage easy transportation of people and goods
4. Transport, presence of sea encourage easy transportation of people and goods
d) Apart from providing shade, explain any other three advantages of the vegetation shown on the photograph
- Providing oxygen gas to the human beings and absorb the carbon dioxide gas
- Preventing soil erosion, since the vegetation cover and protect the land
9. Japan is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, and engines. Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.
The following are the six factors which account for the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.
(i)Availability of raw material.
(ii) Fuel and power availability. For example location of iron and steel industries in Japan.
Human resources. This helps to the labour supply both skilled and unskilled.
(iii) Availability of capital. This is needed for the investment in the machinery and importation of raw materials .
(iv) Availability of transport and communication systems.
(v) Government policies. This helps on balancing the economic development of a country and provision of jobs.
(vi) Government stability.
10. Transport can be defined as the movement of people, animals, goods or services from one place to another. It provides a link between different parts of the country, region or world.
The following are the six problems facing railway transportation in East Africa.
(i) inadequate of capital:
(ii) Lack of skilled labour
(iii) High fuel costs
(iv) Rough terrain:
(v) Differences in railway gauges
(vi) Corruption and embezzlement:
11. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa with a height of 5895 meters (19340 ft) and the highest free standing mountain in the world. Mount Kilimanjaro is located in northern Tanzania in East Africa, not far from the border to Kenya.
The following are the six importance of Mount Kilimanjaro to Tanzania.
(i) It is tourist attraction hence it is source of foreign earning from tourism
(ii) It modifies the climatic condition of Kilimanjaro region making it receive high rainfall through orographic rainfall formation
(iii) Rivers flowing from it are source of water to the people living around it.
(iv) It is symbol of Tanzania nation since it is known to be home to highest mountain in Africa
(v) The forest around it are source of timber and other forestry products
(vi) The Kilimanjaro national park around it is home to numerous species of animals and plants hence it help to preserve the biodiversity of the country
12. Pollution is addition of harmful and or unwanted materials on the environment. in other words Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
The following are the six effects of environmental pollution in African cities.
(i) The disruption of coral reef cycle due to water pollution along the coasts
(ii) Bad odour and ugly landscape caused by pollution due to improper waste disposal
(iii) human diseases, such as water borne diseases like typhoid, respiratory diseases and amoebiasis
(iv) Since the African continent is part of the world the air pollution in this part contribute to global warming
(v) Land infertility due to soil pollution
(vi) Loss of biodiversity .
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