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Thursday, March 21, 2019

SOLVING GEOGRAPHY - NECTA 2008 - FORM FOUR

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SOLVING GEOGRAPHY - NECTA  2008

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

QUESTIONS 





ANSWERS

1.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
D
C
B
C
A
D
B
B
B
A

  (QN 1 (V

Solution

    °F= 9°C/5.  +32
             Where by °C =25°C
       So  9/5 ×25 +32
        =9×5+32
       =45+32
      =77°F
       Fahrenheit = 77°F 


2.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
E
G
C
J
B


3. (a) A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, made of layers running parallel to the surface. These layers are known as soil horizons. The soil profile extends from the soil surface to the parent rock material.

b) Soil Profile Diagram




c) Factors Influencing Soil Formation

Soils are a product of their own environment, as their formation tends to vary from place to place depending on various obtaining factors. There are several factors which influence soil formation these are as follows

1. Parent Rock Material
This is one of the Achief factors of soil formation. It determines soil type, color, depth, rate of soil formation, structure, texture, porosity and soil fertility. Parent rock influence soil maturity, therefore hard rocks take a long time to mature while soft rocks take a short time to mature. Shallow and poorly productive

2. Climate
The most variable elements under climate are temperature, precipitation (rainfall) and wind. Temperature affects decomposition of organic matter hence it influences the development of soil profile Rainfall and wind encourage the formation of soil due to their role in the erosion process On the other hand rainfall adds moisture which encourages chemical and physical weathering

3. Living Organism
Some plants have nodules with bacteria which add nitrogen into the soil hence improve aeration of soil. Microorganisms are active in the decomposition of the organic matter to form humus on the other hand barrowing of animals and plant roots facilitate the state of both physical and chemical weathering hence lead to the formation of soil easily.

4. Relief [Topography]
The role of relief in soil formation is mostly in indirect way. Relief influences climate and vegetation. The most important aspect of topography in soil formation, steep slopes areas soils are shallow due to erosion while on a gentle slopes and low land areas soils are deep due to deposition of materials.

5. Time
This involves the duration that has been taken in the process of soil formation. Time determines the maturity of soil, when soil formation has taken a long time, soil tends to be mature i.e. they are deep and well developed.


4. (a).    COMPOUND BAR GRAPH SHOW CASH CROPS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA IN 000 TONNES

YEARS
Types of Cash Crop

Coffee
Cotton
Tea

TOTAL
1990
200
100
300
600
1991
150
130
200
480
1992
120
100
100
320



(b) Three (3)  Value of compound bar graph are
      (i)   It is easy to read and interpret as the totals are clearly shown.
      (ii)  It gives a clear visual impression of the total values.
      (iii) It clearly shows the rise and fall in the grand total values.


(c) The trend of production as observed from the graph
The graph show the trend of production as follow

On the production of Cotton

In the year of 1990, the production of coffee was 200000 tonnes greater than production of coffee in 1991; the production was 150000 tonnes then continue decreased to 120000 tonnes in the year of 1992.

On the production of Cotton

In the year of 1990, the production of cotton  was 100000 tonnes less than production of cotton in 1991; the production was 130000 tonnes then  decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.

On the production of Tea

In the year of 1990, the production of Tea  was 300000 tonnes greater than production of Tea in 1991; the production was 200000 tonnes then decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.


5. (a). The main three(3) objectives of the research are

      (i). To increase and improve the measures of effectiveness of road safety Education,

      (ii). To eliminate number of road accident.

      (iii). To strengthen the management of road transport safety.
   
  (b)  Three methods might be used in collecting data are

      (i).   Questionnaire

      (ii).  Interviews and

      (iii)  observation

   (c). Three problems that possibly faced students when collecting data

       (i).  Shortage of resources 

       (ii) irrelevant data collection

       (iii) insufficient of funds


6. (a). Survey defined as the science of measuring and recording distances, angles and heights on the earth's surface to obtain data from which accurate  plans and maps are made.

   (b). Different between chain survey and leveling

         Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but  only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure. 

                                WHILE

         Leveling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.
    (c). Four(4) ways in which chain survey is significant in day to day life of a human being

        (i).  Plane table survey

         Plane table survey is the method of survey where position of objects are fixed by the use of plane table. Using plane table survey, a complete map can be produced during the survey in the field. In this case this method is considered to be an accurate and rapid way of positioning of distant objects.
     
        (ii). Chain or tape survey

         Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but  only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure.  It measures the series of straight line on the ground using chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angle (offsets). Instruments used in chain survey are chain, tape, ranging pole, arrows, pegs, surveyor's band, cross staff and a hand pencil
      
        (iii).  Prismatic compass survey.

         Prismatic compass survey is one that is used in land surveying l. It is also one of the easiest of survey technique . the compass can be used for measuring the angles in a traverse used for navigation purpose. As compasses have relatively poor direction accuracy, they are typically used for reconnaissance survey.

         (iv).  The technique of levelling

         Levelling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.


7. (a). To measure the distance of the  tax using a sheet of paper.

          By using a piece of paper the map distance of tax is 21.8cm.

                  Scale on map = 1:50000
            Change. 1:50000 into into kilometers.

            1km  = 100000cm
            X       = 50000cm
     100000x = 50000x1
                  x = 50000/100000
                  x =1/2 km (one a half)

So.   1Cm = 1/2 km
          21.8= X
          X=21.8x 1/2
         X= 10.9  km
  Therefore distance of the tax  is 10.9 km
       
 (b)  converted the linear scale given from the map into statement scale is
                     2 centimeters represent 1 kilometer.

 (c).  The relief features to guide the tourists visiting the mapped area are

       (i).  Hills example lukoka hill and

       (ii). Depression due to presence of contour line show depression 

 (d).  Four (4) economic activities of the people on the map.

        (i)    Industrial activities due to the presence of factory on a map.

        (ii).  Fishing activities due to the presence of dam and swamp example Pangani or Ruvu on a map

        (iii). Transportation activities due to the presence of road and railways light on a map

        (iv).  Agriculture activities due to the presence of scattered cultivation on map.
     
 (e). The following are the  ​three (3)​ reasons which have encouraged people to establish the settlement. 

        (i).   Availability of  dam, swamps 

Dam and swamps are important because they provide water for domestic, industry and irrigation purposes. Dams often also provide hydroelectric power production and river navigation. Domestic use includes everyday activities such as water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and lawn and garden watering. Dams and their reservoirs provide recreation areas for fishing and boating.
         
        (ii).   Availability of Hill

                Hills have an extremely important role in influencing global and regional climates and weather conditions.

        (iii).   Availability of social services example hospital, school, Church, transport system.
                  Social services refers to activities to improve the quality of life of the disadvantaged section of the society. It aims at elevating the living condition of the poor, disabled, elderly, children, women, and depressed section of the society.  

 (f)    The following are the main features found at grid references  

        (i).     420227  show Dam 

        (ii).     350367  show hill or mountain 

       (iii).     426304. Show factory

       ( iv).    384295.  Show bridge 


8. Study carefully the photograph given and answer the question that follow:


a) Identify the type of photograph shown      
    Ground Photograph because of two reasons   
    - It shows the side or front view of the image   
    - The foreground objects look larger than the middle and background objects  
   
b) Name three (3) features found on the photograph    
    - Cliffs
    - Caves  
    - Stacks

c) How are the features named in (b) above formed? 
  1. Cliffs are the high or steep faces of rock along the sea coast and produced by breaking waves   
  2. Caves is cavity or hollow at the base of a cliff formed as a result constant wave erosion 
  3. Stacks are the isolated mass of rock near a coastline detached from the mainland by wave erosion after the collapse of an arch

d) What are the economic importance of the features found on the photograph?
  1. Tourism because the features like cliffs and caves attract tourists and pay foreign currency 
  2. Source of Income because the people can collect and sell rocks as building materials         
  3. Development of Fishing Industry because the features like caves and stacks provide good habitats for marine organisms

9. Natural resources refer to the materials or substances such as minerals , forests, water and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

     Forest is a large area dominated by trees.

     The following are the eight (8) values of forest resources to the Tanzanian community

        (i).  Forest provide valuable timber for construction work and furniture making process.

        (ii).  Forest woods are used for firewood, charcoal and building materials.

        (iii).  Forests help in the modification of environmental conditions such as temperatures and moisture content of the atmosphere and soils.

        (iv).  Some tree species such as the African blackwood or ebony( mpingo) and brachystegia is very much favored for its uses in making curved ornaments

        (v).   Forests are important for making herbs and traditional medicines among some tribes for examples the barks of the baobab tree and the mahogany .

        (vi).   Forests protect soils from erosion.

        (vii).  Forests providing employment for the people

        (viii).  Forests helped the development of the industrial sectors by facilitating the establishment of wood based industries.



10. Mining is defined as extracting metals and minerals from the Earth. Example of the minerals extracted from the earth are gold, Tanzanite, copper etc.
        
       Small scale mining refer to the mining practiced by individuals, groups or communities often informally (illegal ) and in developing nations. It is sector has not been adopted as its legal status.
      
       The following  are five (5) effective measures to be taken to minimize the problems of small scale mining in Tanzania. 
        
          (i) Small scale miners should be given loan as capital to be invested in large scale mining

          (ii). Small scale miners should be given education so that they acquire technology easily.

          (iii).  Infrastructures in the mining should be improved example transport and communication should be improved in small scale mining.

          (iv).  Condition of small scale miner should be improved.

          (v).   Small scale miners should be encouraged to use modern mining technique.


11. (a). Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

     (b).  Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.                     

      The following are the eight social and economic problems that result from urban growth.
        
                            SOCIAL PROBLEMS
       (i).   Pressure on land 

       (ii).  Over population

       (iii).  Spread of disease eg. HIV

       (iv).  Pressure on resources available

       (v).   Pollution

       (vi).  Insufficient social services

                             ECONOMICS PROBLEMS

       (vii).    Unemployment 

       (viii).   Dependency ratio increase


12.    Environment refers to all external conditions surrounding an organisms and which have influence over its behavior and activities.

         Man's activities refers to the something people do or cause to happen. Example of man's activities are mining activities, fishing activities, agriculture activities, industrial activities etc. 

             The following are the eight (8) evidence  to prove that "The living environment in Tanzania is suffering at the expense of man's activities.

           (i).  Air pollution 

           (ii).  Global warming 

           (iii).  Soil erosion

           (iv)   ozone layer depletion.

           (v).   Climatic change

           (vi).  Water pollution

           (vii).   Deforestation

           (viii).  Acidic rain







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