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SOLVING GEOGRAPHY - NECTA 2008
ANSWERS
1.
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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D
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C
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B
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C
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A
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D
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B
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B
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B
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A
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(QN 1 (V)
Solution
°F= 9°C/5. +32
Where by °C =25°C
So 9/5 ×25 +32
=9×5+32
=45+32
=77°F
Fahrenheit = 77°F
2.
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i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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E
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G
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C
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J
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B
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3. (a) A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil,
made of layers running parallel to the surface. These layers are known as soil
horizons. The soil profile extends from the soil surface to the parent rock
material.
b) Soil Profile Diagram
c) Factors Influencing Soil
Formation
Soils are a product of their own environment,
as their formation tends to vary from place to place depending on various
obtaining factors. There are several factors which influence soil formation
these are as follows
1. Parent Rock Material
This is one of the Achief factors of soil
formation. It determines soil type, color, depth, rate of soil formation,
structure, texture, porosity and soil fertility. Parent rock influence soil maturity,
therefore hard rocks take a long time to mature while soft rocks take a short
time to mature. Shallow and poorly productive
2. Climate
The most variable elements under climate are
temperature, precipitation (rainfall) and wind. Temperature affects
decomposition of organic matter hence it influences the development of soil
profile Rainfall and wind encourage the formation of soil due to their role in
the erosion process On the other hand rainfall adds moisture which encourages
chemical and physical weathering
3. Living Organism
Some plants have nodules with bacteria which
add nitrogen into the soil hence improve aeration of soil. Microorganisms are
active in the decomposition of the organic matter to form humus on the other
hand barrowing of animals and plant roots facilitate the state of both physical
and chemical weathering hence lead to the formation of soil easily.
4. Relief [Topography]
The role of relief in soil formation is mostly
in indirect way. Relief influences climate and vegetation. The most important
aspect of topography in soil formation, steep slopes areas soils are shallow
due to erosion while on a gentle slopes and low land areas soils are deep due
to deposition of materials.
5. Time
4. (a). COMPOUND BAR GRAPH SHOW CASH CROPS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA IN 000 TONNES
YEARS
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Types of Cash Crop
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Coffee
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Cotton
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Tea
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TOTAL
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1990
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200
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100
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300
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600
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1991
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150
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130
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200
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480
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1992
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120
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100
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100
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320
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(b) Three (3) Value of compound bar graph are
(i) It is easy to read and interpret as the totals are clearly shown.
(ii) It gives a clear visual impression of the total values.
(iii) It clearly shows the rise and fall in the grand total values.
(c) The trend of production as observed from the graph
The graph show the trend of production as follow
On the production of Cotton
In the year of 1990, the production of coffee was 200000 tonnes greater than production of coffee in 1991; the production was 150000 tonnes then continue decreased to 120000 tonnes in the year of 1992.
On the production of Cotton
In the year of 1990, the production of cotton was 100000 tonnes less than production of cotton in 1991; the production was 130000 tonnes then decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.
On the production of Tea
In the year of 1990, the production of Tea was 300000 tonnes greater than production of Tea in 1991; the production was 200000 tonnes then decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.
5. (a). The main three(3) objectives of the research are
(i). To increase and improve the measures of effectiveness of road safety Education,
(ii). To eliminate number of road accident.
(iii). To strengthen the management of road transport safety.
(b) Three methods might be used in collecting data are
(i). Questionnaire
(ii). Interviews and
(iii) observation
(c). Three problems that possibly faced students when collecting data
(i). Shortage of resources
(ii) irrelevant data collection
(iii) insufficient of funds
6. (a). Survey defined as the science of measuring and recording distances, angles and heights on the earth's surface to obtain data from which accurate plans and maps are made.
(b). Different between chain survey and leveling
Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure.
WHILE
Leveling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.
(c). Four(4) ways in which chain survey is significant in day to day life of a human being
(i). Plane table survey
Plane table survey is the method of survey where position of objects are fixed by the use of plane table. Using plane table survey, a complete map can be produced during the survey in the field. In this case this method is considered to be an accurate and rapid way of positioning of distant objects.
(ii). Chain or tape survey
Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure. It measures the series of straight line on the ground using chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angle (offsets). Instruments used in chain survey are chain, tape, ranging pole, arrows, pegs, surveyor's band, cross staff and a hand pencil
(iii). Prismatic compass survey.
Prismatic compass survey is one that is used in land surveying l. It is also one of the easiest of survey technique . the compass can be used for measuring the angles in a traverse used for navigation purpose. As compasses have relatively poor direction accuracy, they are typically used for reconnaissance survey.
(iv). The technique of levelling
Levelling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.
7. (a). To measure the distance of the tax using a sheet of paper.
By using a piece of paper the map distance of tax is 21.8cm.
Scale on map = 1:50000
Change. 1:50000 into into kilometers.
1km = 100000cm
X = 50000cm
100000x = 50000x1
x = 50000/100000
x =1/2 km (one a half)
So. 1Cm = 1/2 km
21.8= X
X=21.8x 1/2
X= 10.9 km
Therefore distance of the tax is 10.9 km
(b) converted the linear scale given from the map into statement scale is
2 centimeters represent 1 kilometer.
(c). The relief features to guide the tourists visiting the mapped area are
(i). Hills example lukoka hill and
(ii). Depression due to presence of contour line show depression
(d). Four (4) economic activities of the people on the map.
(i) Industrial activities due to the presence of factory on a map.
(ii). Fishing activities due to the presence of dam and swamp example Pangani or Ruvu on a map
(iii). Transportation activities due to the presence of road and railways light on a map
(iv). Agriculture activities due to the presence of scattered cultivation on map.
(e). The following are the three (3) reasons which have encouraged people to establish the settlement.
(i). Availability of dam, swamps
Dam and swamps are important because they provide water for domestic, industry and irrigation purposes. Dams often also provide hydroelectric power production and river navigation. Domestic use includes everyday activities such as water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and lawn and garden watering. Dams and their reservoirs provide recreation areas for fishing and boating.
(ii). Availability of Hill
Hills have an extremely important role in influencing global and regional climates and weather conditions.
(iii). Availability of social services example hospital, school, Church, transport system.
Social services refers to activities to improve the quality of life of the disadvantaged section of the society. It aims at elevating the living condition of the poor, disabled, elderly, children, women, and depressed section of the society.
(f) The following are the main features found at grid references
(i). 420227 show Dam
(ii). 350367 show hill or mountain
(iii). 426304. Show factory
( iv). 384295. Show bridge
8. Study carefully the photograph given and answer the question that follow:
a) Identify the type of photograph shown
Ground Photograph because of two reasons
- It shows the side or front view of the image
- The foreground objects look larger than the middle and background objects
b) Name three (3) features found on the photograph
- Cliffs
- Caves
- Stacks
c) How are the features named in (b) above formed?
- Cliffs are the high or steep faces of rock along the sea coast and produced by breaking waves
- Caves is cavity or hollow at the base of a cliff formed as a result constant wave erosion
- Stacks are the isolated mass of rock near a coastline detached from the mainland by wave erosion after the collapse of an arch
d) What are the economic importance of the features found on the photograph?
- Tourism because the features like cliffs and caves attract tourists and pay foreign currency
- Source of Income because the people can collect and sell rocks as building materials
- Development of Fishing Industry because the features like caves and stacks provide good habitats for marine organisms
9. Natural resources refer to the materials or substances such as minerals , forests, water and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Forest is a large area dominated by trees.
The following are the eight (8) values of forest resources to the Tanzanian community
(i). Forest provide valuable timber for construction work and furniture making process.
(ii). Forest woods are used for firewood, charcoal and building materials.
(iii). Forests help in the modification of environmental conditions such as temperatures and moisture content of the atmosphere and soils.
(iv). Some tree species such as the African blackwood or ebony( mpingo) and brachystegia is very much favored for its uses in making curved ornaments
(v). Forests are important for making herbs and traditional medicines among some tribes for examples the barks of the baobab tree and the mahogany .
(vi). Forests protect soils from erosion.
(vii). Forests providing employment for the people
(viii). Forests helped the development of the industrial sectors by facilitating the establishment of wood based industries.
10. Mining is defined as extracting metals and minerals from the Earth. Example of the minerals extracted from the earth are gold, Tanzanite, copper etc.
Small scale mining refer to the mining practiced by individuals, groups or communities often informally (illegal ) and in developing nations. It is sector has not been adopted as its legal status.
The following are five (5) effective measures to be taken to minimize the problems of small scale mining in Tanzania.
(i) Small scale miners should be given loan as capital to be invested in large scale mining
(ii). Small scale miners should be given education so that they acquire technology easily.
(iii). Infrastructures in the mining should be improved example transport and communication should be improved in small scale mining.
(iv). Condition of small scale miner should be improved.
(v). Small scale miners should be encouraged to use modern mining technique.
11. (a). Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
(b). Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
The following are the eight social and economic problems that result from urban growth.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(i). Pressure on land
(ii). Over population
(iii). Spread of disease eg. HIV
(iv). Pressure on resources available
(v). Pollution
(vi). Insufficient social services
ECONOMICS PROBLEMS
(vii). Unemployment
(viii). Dependency ratio increase
12. Environment refers to all external conditions surrounding an organisms and which have influence over its behavior and activities.
Man's activities refers to the something people do or cause to happen. Example of man's activities are mining activities, fishing activities, agriculture activities, industrial activities etc.
The following are the eight (8) evidence to prove that "The living environment in Tanzania is suffering at the expense of man's activities.
(i). Air pollution
(ii). Global warming
(iii). Soil erosion
(iv) ozone layer depletion.
(v). Climatic change
(vi). Water pollution
(vii). Deforestation
(viii). Acidic rain
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