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SOLVING GEOGRAPHY - NECTA 2016
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
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3. (a) Describe discordant drainage system.
Discordant drainage is a system in which the river seems to be flowing in disagreement with the general direction of the slope of the land and the dominant rock structure. This drainage pattern is formed which does not match the topography and geology of the region, it is called a discordant drainage pattern.
i) Antecedent drainage system is a system and drainage in which a river maintains its original direction of flow across land that is undergoing uplift. The soil formed is weak and it is easily eroded by the rivers.
Example of rivers which shows antecedent drainage is The Great Ruaha to the North-East of Iringa, between Mtera and Kidatu in Tanzania.
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| Antecedent drainage system |
ii) Superimposed drainage system develops when a river originally flows over rocks of uniform structure in to which it is down-cutting. The rivers have high erosive power so that they can cut through the underlying strata.
- Example of rivers show this system of drainage is the River Nile in the North of Khartoum, has cut the Sabaloka Gorge in the Sabaloka Hills.
- Example of rivers show this system of drainage is the River Nile in the North of Khartoum, has cut the Sabaloka Gorge in the Sabaloka Hills.
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| Superimposed drainage system |
b) Explain the Process of River Transport and describe four ways in which a river transports its load.
River Transportation is the process whereby the rock materials that have been eroded from the sides of the rivers of the river channel as well as its bed are removed and carried away by the water.
A river uses its energy to carry or transport eroded materials such as mud, sand, boulders and dissolved materials. These materials are called its load.
River Transportation
The factors that influence the ability of a river to transport its load are:
i) Volume of water. The larger the amount of water in a river, the greater amount of load it can carry. When the volume is small, limited quantities as well as varieties of load are carried.
ii) Gradient and velocity. Since the gradient determines the velocity of a river, the steeper the gradient, the faster the river flow. A fast flowing river can carry a greater amount and variety of the load.
iii) Nature and amount of transportation. Very small and light particles can be transported over long distances while large and heavy materials are carried for short distances.
The Processes of River Transportation
River transport their load by four processes. These processes are traction, saltation, suspension and solution.
Saltation: Large particles such as gravel and coarse sand are lifted and dropped along the river, so they bounce along the river bed in a series of bed.
Traction: Heaviest material is rolled along the floor (bed) of the river.
Solution: Dissolved materials containing minerals like calcium and sodium are carried in the water. Trying to look out for these type of load in a river? Too bad, they cannot be seen by a naked eye.
Suspension: Smaller particles such as clay, silt and fine sand are carried along without contact with the river bed. Materials carried in suspension usually forms the greatest part of the total river bed.
4. a .(i). A simple divided circle is also known as pie chart, circle chart or pie graph. The chart involves dividing the circle into “pie slices” to represent and show relative sizes of data. The size of each slice or segment is always proportional to the value it represents.
- It is easy to compare components as they are represented by angles.
- Analysis and interpretation of data is easy.
- It is easy to assess the proportion of individual components against the total.
- Construction of this graphical representation is relatively simple.
- It is easy to determine the value of each component since it is indicated on each segment.
- Visual impression of the individual components is clear and facilitates the understanding of the information in the data.
b.(i) To draw the above bar graph to a simple divided circle by showing all the procedures.
Step 1: Find the total number of production of crops in tones
72.99+67.41+52.63+16.51+7.46=217
Step 2: Change number of production of crops into degree.
Cassava 72.99/217 ×360°= 121.°
Millet 67.41/217 ×360°=113°
Maize 52.63/217 ×360°=87°
Beans 16.51/217 ×360°=27°
Ground nuts 7.46/217 ×360°=12°
Step 3: Draw a circle of a reasonable size.
Step 4: Using a protractor, draw a radius from the 6 o’clock mark to the centre of the circle.
Step 5: Starting with the largest segment representing a specific component, measure and draw its angle from the center of the circle.
Step 6: Do the same for other components in ascending order.
Step 7: Divide a circle into segments according to the sizes of the angles.
Step 8: Shade the segments and write the title and key of the drawn graph.
SIMPLE DIVIDED CIRCLE SHOWING PRODUCTION OF CROPS OF UJAMAA VILLAGE IN 2010
(ii) Two possible factors for variation of crops production are
- Rainfall
- Temperature
5. (a) four objectives of doing research in Tanzania are
(i) To describe about certain phenomena
(ii) To search for a new knowledge/insights.
(iii) To develop theory about certain social economic phenomena.
(iv) To test hypothesis so as to find out their reliability.
(v) To be familiar with a certain phenomena
(vi) To find solution to the existing problems.
(vii) To make evaluation of a certain issue.
(b) Description of the following terms as used in research:
Case study
A case study is an account of an activity, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities you would encounter in the workplace. Case studies are used to help you see how the complexities of real life influence decisions.
Feasibility study.
Participatory observation.
Is one type of data collection method, In this method the researcher becomes part of people under study he/ she participates fully on a particular event.Research hypothesis.
This is an assumption used on what one expects to find out in the field it can be either true or false or Hypothesis is a prediction of outcome of the results. It is the statement of expected results. Research hypothesis is usually tested before the study begins. E.g. Poor students classrooms attendance results to poor academic performance. The hypothesis are; -Involvement of students in economic activities. -Poor family income. -Poor parental care.
Research problem.
OR
Research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
(i) Chain or tape surveying
(ii) Leveling surveying
(b)(i) leveling is the procedure by which the heights of the points on the Earth’s surface are determined.
(ii)four significances of leveling are
· It help the surveyor or cartographer to make contour maps of the land sea surface. This is because it determine the benchmark
· Leveling can be used for determination of heights or elevation of the land surface such as hills, valleys, plans, etc.
· Housing foundation, the location of industrial sites, the route of communication and sites of building can be located and determine with the help of leveling.
· It help contractors to lay a level ground on which they can elect the building.
7. (a) 2centimetrers on a map represent 1kilometre on actual ground.
(b) The bearing of grid reference 720220 to 680180 is 225° SW
(c) Types of climate is Equatorial Climate due to the following evidences
(i) . Latitude located at 4°20’ on a map.
(ii). Due to the Presence of the forest on a map
(iii). Due to the Presence of grain store which show availability of grain on a mapped area, grain cultivated on equatorial areas.
(d) Five major economic activities which might take place in the areaare
(i). Lumbering due to the Presence of the forest on a map
(ii). Commercial Farming due to the Presence of grain store on a map.
(iii). Fishing due to the presence of salt lake Balangida and seasonal swamp on a map.
(iv). Tourism activities due to the presence of Dabil escarpment on a map.
(v). Commercial animal keeping due to the presence of Dabil cattle market and veterinary Rinderpest.
(e) Four supportive contents of a topographical map provided are
· Title
· Scale
· north direction and
· key
(i). Purpose of the map
(ii). Scale of the map
(iii). Date of compilation
8. Study the photograph given below then answer the questions that follow:
a) Name the type of photograph
Characteristics of Ground Photograph are:
- It shows the only side or front view of the objects
- The foreground objects look larger than the middle and background objects
- The scale decrease from the foreground to the background
- It shows the horizon at the background of the photographic area
c) Explain four possible factors which may cause the loss biodiversity in the photograph
1. Poaching, this is illegal hunting of animals and may lead to disappearance of animals
2. Deforestation, this is cutting down of trees and may lead disappearance of animals and plants
3. Bush Fire, this is burning of plants and may lead to disappearance of plants and animals
4. Agriculture, like cultivation and overgrazing within the area may lead plants and animals to disappear
5. Pests and diseases can kill large number of giraffe.
5. Pests and diseases can kill large number of giraffe.
d) In three points, describe the importance of vegetation shown in the area
- Providing food and habitats for the animals like giraffes, buffaloes, elephants
- Providing medicine like of natural herbs
- Source of Rainfall this is giving off vapour to the sky through stomata
- Oxygen, vegetation releases oxygen and sequesters carbon.
- Soil development, vegetation affects soil development over time, generally contributing to a more productive soil.
- Oxygen, vegetation releases oxygen and sequesters carbon.
- Soil development, vegetation affects soil development over time, generally contributing to a more productive soil.
9. Mining Is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials which form the package of economic interest to the miners.
Six factors that determine exploitation of minerals in a country are
(i). Availability of capital to be invested in the mining industry like buying the machinery. Lack of enough capital, the mining industry develops slowly.
(ii). Nature of transport system. If the transport system is efficient mining develops fast but if the transport is poor then mining does not develop fast.
(iii). Availability of labour. Is another factor that contributes to the development of the mining sector, for mining to develop fast there should be readily available labour but if labour is unavailable then mining becomes poor
(iv). Nature of market. If the market is good then the mining industry grows fast if it is poor the mining industry develops slowly.
(v). Water availability. This also leads to the fast development of the mining industry if the supply of water is reliable. But the situation is different when the supply of water is poor. Water is needed for cooling the engines of the machines and cleaning the minerals.
(vi). Nature of government policy. If the policy is supportive the mining industry develops fast but if the government policy is non supportive then the mining industry develops slowly.
(vii). The availability of deposits and their value. If the deposits are large and valuable mining takes place fast. But if the deposits are small and poor valuable mining take place slowly.
10. Transport can be defined as the movement of people, animals, goods or services from one place to another.
Six factors that hinder development of river transportation in Africa are
(i). Lack of capital:
(ii). Lack of skilled labour
(iii). High fuel costs
(iv). Impassable waterways.
(v). Corruption and embezzlement.
(vi). Political problems.
11. Floods refers the period of high river discharge or over flow of water along the coast due to extremely high tides and storm waves.
Five measures to control floods to the environment are
(i). There should be proper management of the watershed catchment areas through planting trees people should be allowed to settle in the catchment areas
(ii). Construction of dams across the river channels helps in combating the problem of flood which affects the low land areas.
(iii). The stream of the rivers should be deeper widened and straightened so as to increase the speed of the river down the slope to the sea.
(iv). People should be frequent inspection and cleaning of the drainage by flooding.
(v). There should be frequent inspection and cleaning of the drainage system.
(vi). Availability of rescue team which is skilled and actives in rescuing people affected by floods
(vii). International cooperation should be intensified so as to improve the techniques of combating this environmental problem.
12. Settlement is the place where people live together and engage in various social, economic, and political activities. Example: industrial activities, Agricultural activities, educational activities.
Eight problems associated with growth of urban settlement are
(i) Rise of transport problem e.g. Traffic congestion.
(ii) Presence of unplanned houses.
(iii) Lack of enough water supply leading to serious disease.
(iv) Shortage of social services e.g. School, health centers etc.
(v) Overcrowding/over population leading to the crimes such as prostitution, robber and theft.
(vi) Unemployment.
(vii) Rural urban migration leading to scarcity of labour in rural area.
(viii) Environmental deterioration.
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