Author: Msomi Bora

TOPIC 1 CRISIS IN CAPITALIST SYSTEM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets. By the last quarter of the 19th C, capitalism had reached the imperialism stage where was to make profits. the main desire of the imperial powers. Imperialism depended on the ability of the capitalist powers to control important sources of raw materials, export of capital to other countries, acquire new areas to settle surplus population and also to…

TOPIC 4 COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Colonial social services were the services that were provided purposely to accelerate colonial exploitation and improve the welfare of colonial civil servants during colonial period. A number of social services were developed by different colonial powers in their African colonies. These included provision of Western education, medical services, water services and housing. However, most of these were meant to make the lives of the Europeans as comfortable as possible. The services were provided to European governor’s traders, and missionaries, but very…

TOPIC 3 COLONIAL ECONOMY We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 The European powers were motivated by a number of factors to acquire colonies in Africa and other parts of the World during the 19th century. These factors managed from nationalism, the need for cheap industrial raw materials, and the need for markets for their manufactured goods as well as cheap laborers. Hand in hand with the establishment of various administrative institutions and structures for the administration of colonies, the colonial powers also setup a colonial economy to facilitate the exploitation of the natural…

TOPIC 2 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Background of the Colonial Administrative Systems The process of creating the colonies by imperial powers in Africa was a crucial thing in the 20th century, after the scramble for and partition of the African continent. The colonial powers that immediately occupied Africa after the Berlin Conference were Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Italy. Although all these European powers had the same economic goals of occupying the African continent, they did not use uniform approaches in establishing the colonial…

TOPIC 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA Even before the 19th century or 1800 AD, Africa and its interior were not known to the outside World. The interior of the African continent was exposed to the European World after the work of explorers, traders and missionaries. Europeans took interest in Africa’s strategic areas with fertile land, minerals, navigable rivers and many more areas that they could easily exploit. Reports of the existence of snow-capped mountains in the interior of Africa and the inhuman…

TOPIC 9 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Definitions of Transport – Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. – Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. – Transport is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. – Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. – Transport means to move something from one place to another. – Transport is to carry, move, or convey from one place to another. -Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. In other words, the action of transport…

TOPIC 8 POWER ENERGY AND RESOURCES The Meaning of Power and Energy Energy is the capacity for doing work. You must have energy to accomplish work. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy. Therefore, you need energy to produce power. Without energy there is no power that can be produced. Energy and power are related but totally different concepts. A tank of petrol contains a certain amount of energy. We can combust this petrol in a certain time period, that is, we convert the energy of the petrol into mechanical energy, perhaps to power…

TOPIC 7 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Definitions of Manufacturing – Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into finished goods that meet a customer’s expectations or specifications. – Manufacturing is the production of goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines: – Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical or biological processing or formulation and is the essence of secondary industry. – Manufacturing is a very simple business; the owner buys the raw material or component parts to manufacture a finished product. – Manufacturing is the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large…

TOPIC 6: TOURISM Definitions of Tourism – Tourism is the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services. – Tourism is the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay, or entertainment for people who are on holiday. – Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. – Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes. – Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which deliver a…

TOPIC 5 SUSTAINABLE MINING Definitions of Mining – Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, – Mining is the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by digging: – Mining is the industry and activities connected with getting valuable or useful minerals from the ground, for example coal, diamonds, or gold. – Mining is the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine. Mineral is a valuable or useful chemical substance that is formed naturally in the ground. For example, gold, diamond, coal, copper, oil, salt and gas. Sustainable mining is to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of minerals, for the benefit of…