Author: Msomi Bora

TOPIC 4 AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 International affairs refer to the events and activities that involve the governments, politics, economies, etc. of different countries. Or, are the activities of a nation in its relationships with other nations; international relations. Or, are the matters abroad that involve the homeland, such as relations with another country. Africa in International affairs is largely concern with the relationship and cooperation between African nations among themselves and cooperation between African and the outside world. A) CONTINENTAL COOPERATION Continental cooperation was facilitated by the social, political…

TOPIC 3 CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. Or, Independence or is the time when a country or region gains political freedom from outside control. In 1960’s, many African states began to achieve their political independence. Following this…

TOPIC 2 NATIONALISM AND DECOLONIZATION IN AFRICA We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Nationalism is the desire for Africans to end all forms of foreign control and influence so as to able to take charge of their political, social and political affairs. Or, it is the process of uniting and regaining freedom from European rule, but it was also defined by pioneer African leaders to mean the creation of new nations as well as their economic and political transformation. The origin of nationalism in Africa is traced back to the era of colonialism…

TOPIC 1 CRISIS IN CAPITALIST SYSTEM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets. By the last quarter of the 19th C, capitalism had reached the imperialism stage where was to make profits. the main desire of the imperial powers. Imperialism depended on the ability of the capitalist powers to control important sources of raw materials, export of capital to other countries, acquire new areas to settle surplus population and also to…

TOPIC 4 COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Colonial social services were the services that were provided purposely to accelerate colonial exploitation and improve the welfare of colonial civil servants during colonial period. A number of social services were developed by different colonial powers in their African colonies. These included provision of Western education, medical services, water services and housing. However, most of these were meant to make the lives of the Europeans as comfortable as possible. The services were provided to European governor’s traders, and missionaries, but very…

TOPIC 3 COLONIAL ECONOMY We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 The European powers were motivated by a number of factors to acquire colonies in Africa and other parts of the World during the 19th century. These factors managed from nationalism, the need for cheap industrial raw materials, and the need for markets for their manufactured goods as well as cheap laborers. Hand in hand with the establishment of various administrative institutions and structures for the administration of colonies, the colonial powers also setup a colonial economy to facilitate the exploitation of the natural…

TOPIC 2 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Background of the Colonial Administrative Systems The process of creating the colonies by imperial powers in Africa was a crucial thing in the 20th century, after the scramble for and partition of the African continent. The colonial powers that immediately occupied Africa after the Berlin Conference were Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Italy. Although all these European powers had the same economic goals of occupying the African continent, they did not use uniform approaches in establishing the colonial…

TOPIC 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA Even before the 19th century or 1800 AD, Africa and its interior were not known to the outside World. The interior of the African continent was exposed to the European World after the work of explorers, traders and missionaries. Europeans took interest in Africa’s strategic areas with fertile land, minerals, navigable rivers and many more areas that they could easily exploit. Reports of the existence of snow-capped mountains in the interior of Africa and the inhuman…

TOPIC 9 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Definitions of Transport – Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. – Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. – Transport is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. – Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. – Transport means to move something from one place to another. – Transport is to carry, move, or convey from one place to another. -Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. In other words, the action of transport…

TOPIC 8 POWER ENERGY AND RESOURCES The Meaning of Power and Energy Energy is the capacity for doing work. You must have energy to accomplish work. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy. Therefore, you need energy to produce power. Without energy there is no power that can be produced. Energy and power are related but totally different concepts. A tank of petrol contains a certain amount of energy. We can combust this petrol in a certain time period, that is, we convert the energy of the petrol into mechanical energy, perhaps to power…