Author: Msomi Bora

TOPIC 2: CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS The Meaning of Climate – Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Or, – Climate is the average weather conditions of an area observed and recorded over a long period of time (about 30 years) Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, which includes the ocean and ice on Earth. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water…

TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH RESEARCH Definitions of Research – Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. – Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. – Research is a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding – Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. – Research is investigation or experimentation aimed…

TOPIC 6PHOTOGRAPH READING AND INTERPRETATION We have two types of notes for youNotes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1Definitions of Photograph – Photograph is picture produced by using a camera or satellite or radar, and then made visible and permanent by chemical treatment, or stored digitally. – Photograph is a picture taken by means of chemical lights prepared on a special paper. – Photograph is a picture made using a camera, in which an image is focused on to light-sensitive material and then made visible and permanent by chemical treatment, or stored digitally. – Photograph is an image of a person, object, or view that is produced by using a camera and film – Photograph is a…

TOPIC 5 MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION >> Also read: Books of Map Reading and Interpretation We have Three Types of Notes for you Notes 1, Notes 2 and Notes 3 NOTES 1 Definitions of Map – Map is a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc. – Map is a drawing of the earth’s surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position of different countries, political borders, natural features such as rivers and mountains, and artificial features such as roads and buildings. – Map is a representation usually on a flat…

TOPIC 4 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING AND MAP MAKING We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Definitions of Surveying – Surveying is this is the science of measuring and recording distances, angles, heights and sizes on the earth’s surface to obtain data from which accurate plans and maps is made. – Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and…

TOPIC 3: SOIL Definitions of Soil – Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles. – Soil is the thin upper layer of the earth’s crust which has been weathered from the parent material and decomposed animals and plants. soil support plants growth and animal life. – Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. – Soil is the portion of the earth’s surface consisting of disintegrated rock and humus. – Soil is the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow: – Soil is the upper layer of earth that may…

TOPIC 2: FORCES THAT AFFECTS THE EARTH Also read: Books of Physical Geography We have two Types of Notes for you: Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Despite our tendency to consider Earth as static, it is actually a dynamic and ever-changing planet. Wind, water, and ice erode and shape the land. Volcanic activity and earthquakes alter the landscape in a dramatic and often violent manner. And on a much longer timescale, the movement…

TOPIC 1: STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH The Meaning of Earth – Earth is the planet on which we live, the world – Earth is the planet third in order from the sun, having an equatorial diameter of 7926 miles (12,755 km) and a polar diameter of 7900 miles (12,714 km), a mean distance from the sun of 92.9 million miles (149.6 million km), and a period of revolution of 365.26 days, and having one satellite. – The earth is the land surface on which we live and move about. Earth Structure of Earth – The shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid, because…

TOPIC 4: GENDER The Concept of Gender Gender refers to the state of being male or female. In this context, it refers to the social relationship between men and women. It is concerned with the roles and responsibilities of men and women in our families, communities and country. Different Gender Concepts There are various concepts which are used in relation to the concept of gender. It is important to know how they interrelate or differ in the whole process of dealing with gender issues. These concepts are: 1. GENDER EQUALITY Gender equality is the exercise of fairness and justice to…

TOPIC 3: DEMOCRACY MEANING OF DEMOCRACY The term democracy comes from the two Greek words, demos which mean people, and kratos which means power. Therefore, in Greek, the word democracy means the rule of the people, it is the system where by the population of a given society controls the government. Abraham Lincoln, the 19th USA’s president, defined democracy as the government of the people, by the people for the people. Of the people means that people are sovereignty and that the government derives its power and authority from them. For the people means that the government is there to…