Author: Msomi Bora

SPACE DYNAMIC (WEATHER AND CLIMATE) The Meaning of Climate – Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Or, – Climate is the average weather conditions of an area observed and recorded over a long period of time (about 30 years) Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, which includes the ocean and ice on Earth. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water…

GLACIATION Landforms (Book) Click Here to get a full view of the book seen below

PLATE TECTONIC THEORY History of Plate Tectonics The concept of plate tectonics was formulated in the 1960’s. Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift, a theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912. Wegener didn’t have an explanation for how continents could move around the planet, but researchers do now. Plate tectonics is the theory of geology, said Nicholas van der Elst, a seismologist at Columbia University in New York. The theory also takes the combination of theory of theory of isostacy, continental drift…

SUSTAINABLE MINING Definitions of Mining – Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, – Mining is the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by digging: – Mining is the industry and activities connected with getting valuable or useful minerals from the ground, for example coal, diamonds, or gold. – Mining is the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine. Mineral is a valuable or useful chemical substance that is formed naturally in the ground. For example, gold, diamond, coal, copper, oil, salt and gas. Sustainable mining is to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of minerals, for the benefit of present and future generations. …

RESEARCH Definitions of Research – Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. – Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. – Research is a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding – Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. – Research is investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation…

SIMPLE SURVEY AND MAP MAKING We have two types of notes for you Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Definitions of Surveying – Surveying is this is the science of measuring and recording distances, angles, heights and sizes on the earth’s surface to obtain data from which accurate plans and maps is made. – Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them…

FORCES THAT AFFECTS THE EARTH Also read: Books of Physical Geography We have two Types of Notes for you: Notes 1 and Notes 2 NOTES 1 Despite our tendency to consider Earth as static, it is actually a dynamic and ever-changing planet. Wind, water, and ice erode and shape the land. Volcanic activity and earthquakes alter the landscape in a dramatic and often violent manner. And on a much longer timescale, the movement of…

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Definitions of Transport – Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. – Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. – Transport is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. – Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. – Transport means to move something from one place to another. – Transport is to carry, move, or convey from one place to another. -Transport is a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place. In other words, the action of transport is defined…

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Definitions of Manufacturing – Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into finished goods that meet a customer’s expectations or specifications. – Manufacturing is the production of goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines: – Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical or biological processing or formulation and is the essence of secondary industry. – Manufacturing is a very simple business; the owner buys the raw material or component parts to manufacture a finished product. – Manufacturing is the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale: -…

POWER ENERGY AND RESOURCES The Meaning of Power and Energy Energy is the capacity for doing work. You must have energy to accomplish work. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy. Therefore, you need energy to produce power. Without energy there is no power that can be produced. Energy and power are related but totally different concepts. A tank of petrol contains a certain amount of energy. We can combust this petrol in a certain time period, that is, we convert the energy of the petrol into mechanical energy, perhaps to power a car. The power is the energy…