TOPIC 3: COORDINATION Concept of Coordination. The Concept of Coordination in Organisms Explain the concept of coordination in organisms Coordination is the working together of the various organs of an organism in a systematic manner so as to produce a proper response to the stimuli. Without coordination the body becomes disorderly and it may fail to function properly. The Ways in Which Coordination is Brought About Outline the ways in which coordination is brought about The coordination in simple multicellular animals takes place through nervous systemonly. The control and coordination in higher animals called vertebrates (including humanbeings) takes place through nervous…
Author: Msomi Bora
Read More
TOPIC 2: MOVEMENT Concept of Movement and Locomotion The Concept of Movement and Locomotion Explain the concept of movement and locomotion Movement refers to change of position and posture. Therefore the change of position of body parts such as limbs and other body parts. Locomotion is the movement or change of position of the whole organism from one place to another. But normally organisms have different kinds of movement. Plants show movement but do not show locomotion. Since…
TOPIC 1: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Kingdom Plantae, Division Coniferophyta (Conifers) General and Distinctive Features of the Division Coniferophyta Explain general and distinctive features of the division coniferophyta Division Coniferophyta or the conifers belong to Kingdom Plantae. These plants are gymnosperms meaning non-flowering. They are non-flowering but seed bearing plants. They have vascular tissues. They are woody plants majority being evergreen trees. Few varieties are shrubs What are the general and distinctive features of the Division Coniferophyta? General characteristics They have secondary growth whose thickening can be observed in cross section of a stem revealing annual rings. Secondary Growth is…
TOPIC 5: GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATION The Concept of Gaseous Exchange Organs Responsible for Gaseous Exchange in Living Organisms Identify organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms Organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms include the following: ORGANISMRESPIRATORY SURFACE AmoebaCell membrane InsectsTracheal system SpiderBook lung FishGills PlantsLeaves, stems, roots AmphibiansSkin, gills and lungs MammalsLungs BirdsLungs reptilesLungs Features of Respiratory Surface They are thin to reduce diffusion distance They are moist to dissolve gaseous so that they dissolve and diffuse in solution form They are highly braced, folded or flattened in order to increase the surface area for gaseous…
TOPIC 4: TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS IN LIVING THINGS The Concept of Transportation of Materials in Living Things The Concept of Transportation of Materials in Living Things Explain the concept of transportation of materials in living things Unicellular organisms (for example amoeba), nutrients (for example oxygen and food) and waste products (for example carbon dioxide) can simply diffuse into or out of the cells from the surroundings. But in multi cellular organisms (for example humans and trees), many cells are very far away from the body surface, hence a transport system is required for the exchange of materials. Organisms require transport…
TOPIC 3: BALANCE OF NATURE The Natural Environment The Concept of Natural Environment Explain the concept of natural environment Natural environment is made up of all living and non living things that occur naturally on earth. An organism living anywhere in any environment is affected by the things around it such as air, water, animals, plants, microorganism, stones, rock, soil, clouds and the sun. everything around it in fact makes its natural environment. It is important to understand that the environment includes all living things as well as non living things. IMPORTANT TERMS Ecology: is the branch of biology that…
TOPIC 2: NUTRITION Concepts of Nutrition and food Nutrients Meaning of nutrition: Nutrition is the process by which organisms take in and use nutrients. Nutrients are any substances that nourish an organism. Food is any material when taken in absorbed and utilized meet requirement of plant and animal body. The Concepts of Nutrition and Food Nutrients Explain the concepts of nutrition and food nutrients FUNCTION OF FOOD Oxidized to release energy Used in growth of cells Used to repair lost cells and tissue TYPES OF NUTRITION There are two main types of nutrition: autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic Nutrition…
TOPIC 1: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Kingdom Fungi Member of the kingdom Fungi include fairly familiar organisms such as mushrooms, toadstools and bracket fungi. There are also less obvious but very important members such as mold, which grow on bread, ripe fruits and other food. The General and Distinctive Features of the Kingdom Fungi Explain the general and distinctive features of the kingdom Fungi General features of kingdom fungi Fungi are found in damp or wet places…
TOPIC 4: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Concept of Classification The Concept of Classification Explain the concept of classification Have you ever visited a library? How are the books arranged and kept? Are they arranged randomly or systematically? Obviously the books are arranged systematically in the shelves. Science books are kept separately in their respective shelves. Science books are kept separately from social or commercial books. Biology books are separated from physics books or chemistry books. Likewise, in the shop, laboratory or pharmacy items are sorted and…
TOPIC 3: CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION The Concept of Cell The Meaning of the Cell Explain the meaning of the cell Plants and animals are made up of units called cells. The cells are microscopic in such a way that they cannot be seen by our naked eyes. Some organisms like protozoa, diatoms and bacteria consist of one cell and are called single-celled or unicellular organisms. Some are made up of many cells and are called multicellular organisms. The cell…