Author: Msomi Bora

TOPIC 5: UTUNGAJI WA KAZI ZA FASIHI ANDISHI Kazi za fasihi andishi ni sanaa, yaani zinahitaji ubunifu wa mwandishi ili ziwe katika mwonekanao huo wa kisanaa. Fasihi andishi hutumia lugha na wala sio lugha tu bali lugha ya kisanaa, kama tulivyokwishaona katika mada zilizotangulia kwamba lugha ni kipengele muhimu sana katika fasihi. Ili kazi ya kifasihi ya msanii husika iwe nzuri na ya kuvutia, masanii hana budi kuwa na ubunifu wa hali ya juu katika kutumia lugha. Msanii awe na uwezo wa kupangilia maneno, kuteua maneno katika hali ya ujumi lakini pia yakiwa yamebeba ujumbe unaoigusa hadhira yake. Kwa maana…

TOPIC 4: UHAKIKI WA KAZI ZA FASIHI ANDISHI Fasihi andishi ni tawi la fasihi linalotumia sanaa ya maneno kufikisha ujumbe kwa hadhira kwa njia ya maandishi. Zipo aina nyingi za fasihi andishi, miongoni mwa hizo ni pamoja na hadithi fupi, riwaya, tamthiliya na mashairi. Maana ya Uhakiki Uhakiki ni kitendo cha kutathimini, kueleza, kuainisha na kutoa maoni juu ya kazi fulani ya fasihi kwa kuongozwa na kaida maalum. Hii ina maana kwamba uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi hautoki katika ombwe, kuna kanuni na taratibu mbalimbali zinazoongoza kufanya uhakiki, na hii ndio sababu kuna nadharia kadha wa kadha za uhakiki wa…

TOPIC 3: MAENDELEO YA KISWAHILI ASILI YA KISWAHILI Neno asili ni jinsi kitu au jambo lilivyotokea au lilivyoanza. Kutokana na fasili hii tunaona kwamba jambo au kitu kinaweza kutokea kibahati kama ilivyo katika lugha au linaweza kuanzishwa. Hivyo basi asili ya lugha ya Kiswahili bado ni mjadala mrefu ambapo wataalamu mbalimbali wanahitilafiana juu ya asili au chimbuko la lugha ya kiswahili. Wapo wanaokinasibisha kiswahili na kiarabu kwa kutumia kigezo cha msamiati na dini ya kiislamu. Wengine wanashikilia msimamo kuwa kiswahili ni kibantu kwa kutumia hoja za kiisimu na kihistoria. Wapo wanaokinasibisha kiswahili na uchotara baadhi yao wanaoshikilia msimamo huu ni…

TOPIC 2: MJENGO WA TUNGO Maana ya Tungo Tungo ni kipashio cha kisarufi kilichoundwa kwa kuunganisha pamoja vipashio vidogovidogo vilivyo chini yake. Au tungo ni neno au kikundi cha maneno ambacho hudokeza taarifa fulani ambayo huweza kuwa kamili au isiyo kamili. Kwa maana hii, tungo hujengwa na vipashio vidogovidogo kama vile mofimu kuunda neno, neno kuunda kirai, kirai kunda kishazi na kishazi kuunda sentensi. Kama tulivyokwisha kuona hapo juu tungo huanzia neno; rejea aina za tungo. AINA ZA TUNGO Tungo neno: Tungo neno ni tungo ambayo huundwa na vipashio vidogo zaidi ya neno ambayo ni mofimu au fonimu. Mfano; anacheza, kakimbia.…

TOPIC 1: NGELI ZA MANENO Upatanishi wa Kisarufi katika Sentensi Ngeli ni vikundi vya majina ya Kiswahili. Ngeli za nomino ni utaratibu unaotumika kuweka nomino katika matabaka au makundi yanayofanana. Mfano: 1. Maji yakimwagika hayazoleki 2. Mayai yaliyooza yananuka sana 3. Yai lililooza linanuka sana 4. Maji liliomwagika halizoleki Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba sentensi a, b na c ziko sahihi wakati sentensi d sio sahihi, hii ni kwa sababu imekiuka upatanisho wa kisarufi. Kwa maana hiyo sentensi ‘a’ ipo katika ngeli ya YA-YA na senthensi b na c zipo katika ngeli ya LI-YA. Sentesi d sio sahihi kwa sababu…

GEOGRAPHY BOOKS AND NOTES FOR UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE Click the links below to view and download the books and notes: PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH

GEOGRAPHY BOOKS FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS Books for both Ordinary and Advanced Level ORDINARY LEVEL Click the links below to view the books: Summary Book (Form 1 – 4) Form Three Physical Geography ADVANCED LEVEL Click the links below to view the books: Form Five Form Six Physical Geography

 GEOGRAPHY NOTES FOR SECONDARY STUDENTSClick the links below to view the notes:FORM ONE FORM TWOFORM THREEFORM FOURFORM FIVE FORM SIX UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE

ISOSTACY THEORY About the Theorist Sir George Biddell Airy (1801-1892, Greenwich, London), English mathematician who was astronomer royal from 1835 to 1881. Airy graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1823. He became Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge in 1826 and Plumian professor of astronomy and director of the Cambridge observatory in 1828. In 1835 he was appointed the seventh astronomer royal, i.e., director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, a post he would hold for more than 45 years. Sir George Biddell Airy The word isostacy is a Greek word means “equal standing” The theory postulates that the continents and their major…

SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY Definitions of Forest – Forest is a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves. – Forest is a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth. – Forest is a large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; woodland. – Forest is a large area dominated by trees. – Forest is a large area where trees grow close together. – Forest is a tract of woodland or wasteland, usually the property of the sovereign, preserved for game. Sustainable use of forest means to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of forests, for the benefit of present and future generations. Forests and…