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DEVELOPMENT
By
Kundi Faraja
Kundi Faraja
A man of the people
Enters his office
to sit on the throne
of Party and State,
His stick of power
Across the table.
He looks into the files
To see the demands
Of the millions of people
Who for years since Uhuru
Have just managed to survive
They ring out one message
Man of the people
You have always been telling us
What we need…
Health centres,
More schools,
Clean water,
Better transport facilities,
Better living conditions.
Do you plead incapable
To bring about development?
I declare running
Better than walking
For a young and poor country;
I plead fighting underdevelopment
Tougher than fighting
A wounded buffalo
With a pocket knife;
I plead underdevelopment
Stronger than the blows of the sea
When the hurricane is at its height.
I plead fighting underdevelopment
Tougher than combating colonialism;
I see that it’s more difficult
To maintain peace
Than to stop a coup d’état.
I plead the cry
Of the nation
More painful than the yell
Of a woman
As her husband dies in sickness;
It’s more painful than the screams
Of a man
Dying in agony
In the coils of the greatest python
Found in the African forest.
How is development
To be brought brother
When the people to whom
We have entrusted power
Are corrupt?
I plead the stomachs
Of the privileged few
Greater than the Rift-Valley;
They cannot be satisfied
With a normal share.
I plead the thirst
Of the minority
Greater than that of the Sahara;
No rain can quench it.
I reckon the minority
More sensitive to egoism
Than to National Development ;
Nothing that is not theirs
Is of any interest.
Their response to egoism,
Is faster than camera film to light
But as slow as tropism
To nation-building.
The majority plead
Exploited,
Cheated,
Disregarded,
But, brother,
How is development to
come?
come?
INTRODUCTION
Development
is the poem written by Kundi Faraja, which criticises the concept of
development as taken by post colonial African leaders. While it’s true that the
development agenda dominated many political platforms and economic policies of
pre-independence era, the bourgeoisie class that replaced their colonial
predecessors have turned it to be only a nightmare to the common people. What
we have now are high levels of corruption, oppression, exploitation,
selfishness (egoism), classes, lies and social political and economic
marginalization.
is the poem written by Kundi Faraja, which criticises the concept of
development as taken by post colonial African leaders. While it’s true that the
development agenda dominated many political platforms and economic policies of
pre-independence era, the bourgeoisie class that replaced their colonial
predecessors have turned it to be only a nightmare to the common people. What
we have now are high levels of corruption, oppression, exploitation,
selfishness (egoism), classes, lies and social political and economic
marginalization.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
SELFISHNESS (EGOISM)
Most
post-colonial African leaders are thinking in terms of me, myself and I.
Although the resources of the country ought to benefit both classes, the lower
class has remained spectators of the game. The high class misuses the national
resources at the expenses of the lower. Kundi Faraja criticises the
hypocritical behaviour of most African leaders who think of themselves (being
the minority) while the majority whose efforts are wasted are disregarded. The
national resources are not distributed equally anymore. Their selfish
tendencies are expressed by the poet in these terms.
post-colonial African leaders are thinking in terms of me, myself and I.
Although the resources of the country ought to benefit both classes, the lower
class has remained spectators of the game. The high class misuses the national
resources at the expenses of the lower. Kundi Faraja criticises the
hypocritical behaviour of most African leaders who think of themselves (being
the minority) while the majority whose efforts are wasted are disregarded. The
national resources are not distributed equally anymore. Their selfish
tendencies are expressed by the poet in these terms.
I
reckon the minority
reckon the minority
More
sensitive to egoism
sensitive to egoism
Than
to national development
to national development
Nothing
that is not theirs
that is not theirs
Is of any interest.
The issue
of national development that was at the top of the agenda has now turned only a
daydream. To the leaders he asks;
of national development that was at the top of the agenda has now turned only a
daydream. To the leaders he asks;
Do
you plead incapable
you plead incapable
To
bring about development?
bring about development?
CORRUPTION
Shortly
after independence in an attempt to lift ourselves up from the bottom of
colonialism in which we had fallen unwillingly, the nation identified three
enemies that we had to fight tooth and nail in order to stand on our own feet.
These included; poverty, ignorance and disease. Nevertheless in
the long run corruption emerged and added to their number and has since then
become tougher than the first three enemies.
after independence in an attempt to lift ourselves up from the bottom of
colonialism in which we had fallen unwillingly, the nation identified three
enemies that we had to fight tooth and nail in order to stand on our own feet.
These included; poverty, ignorance and disease. Nevertheless in
the long run corruption emerged and added to their number and has since then
become tougher than the first three enemies.
It is however sad to
note that it’s not the common people who are at the forefront in giving and
receiving corruption but the leaders. Critically speaking, the issue of
development is even more complicated when we come to think of the fact that
those to whom we have entrusted power are the same who are corrupt. Thus the
poet comes to a point when he shows there is no way a country whose leaders
have invested in corruption can develop. No way! He says
note that it’s not the common people who are at the forefront in giving and
receiving corruption but the leaders. Critically speaking, the issue of
development is even more complicated when we come to think of the fact that
those to whom we have entrusted power are the same who are corrupt. Thus the
poet comes to a point when he shows there is no way a country whose leaders
have invested in corruption can develop. No way! He says
How
is development
is development
To
be brought brother
be brought brother
When
the people to whom
the people to whom
We
have entrusted power
have entrusted power
Are
corrupt?
corrupt?
Implicitly, the poet is
calling for action. Because we did a mistake in the first place by giving
corrupt leaders the mandate to rule us, do we still need to continue with them
even when we realize that they have hypocritically, betrayed our cause? Think of
it.
calling for action. Because we did a mistake in the first place by giving
corrupt leaders the mandate to rule us, do we still need to continue with them
even when we realize that they have hypocritically, betrayed our cause? Think of
it.
CLASSES AND MARGINALIZATION.
Practically speaking,
classes in any society are inevitable. However, the sociological investment
should be more of how to bring about a harmonious relationship among the
existing classes than how to neutralize them. In most cases it has been
evident that whenever these classes exist, the high class oppresses, exploits
and marginalises the lower. To show how detrimental class division can be in
any society, the poet uses strong metaphorical comparisons to bring the message
home. While the minority (whom he calls privileged few) enjoy the national
cake, the majority have been marginalized and disregarded.
classes in any society are inevitable. However, the sociological investment
should be more of how to bring about a harmonious relationship among the
existing classes than how to neutralize them. In most cases it has been
evident that whenever these classes exist, the high class oppresses, exploits
and marginalises the lower. To show how detrimental class division can be in
any society, the poet uses strong metaphorical comparisons to bring the message
home. While the minority (whom he calls privileged few) enjoy the national
cake, the majority have been marginalized and disregarded.
I
plead the stomachs
plead the stomachs
Of
the privileged few
the privileged few
Greater
than the rift valley
than the rift valley
They
cannot be satisfied
cannot be satisfied
With
a normal share.
a normal share.
Their thirst he
compares with that of the Sahara desert which no rain can quench. In
other words he is trying to say that there is no point they will be satisfied
if at all the majority will stay staring at them waiting sympathetically for
their turn. Never!
compares with that of the Sahara desert which no rain can quench. In
other words he is trying to say that there is no point they will be satisfied
if at all the majority will stay staring at them waiting sympathetically for
their turn. Never!
EXPLOITATION
Although exploitation
was condemned in colonial time as being detrimental to the national
development, it is wonderful that today it has been the major means of capital
accumulation by the bourgeoisie class in the post colonial Africa. Evidences
show that most leaders who climb up the leadership ladder, begin while they are
as poor as flies but in no time they become distinguished petty bourgeoisies.
In the poem, the poet continues to point a finger at the leaders who exploit
the masses.
was condemned in colonial time as being detrimental to the national
development, it is wonderful that today it has been the major means of capital
accumulation by the bourgeoisie class in the post colonial Africa. Evidences
show that most leaders who climb up the leadership ladder, begin while they are
as poor as flies but in no time they become distinguished petty bourgeoisies.
In the poem, the poet continues to point a finger at the leaders who exploit
the masses.
The
majority plead
majority plead
Exploited.
POOR
SOCIAL SERVICES AND DISILLUSIONMENT
SOCIAL SERVICES AND DISILLUSIONMENT
One of the main topics
that dominated political policies in colonial era was the improvement of
people’s ways of life after the attainment of Uhuru. Most
people, regarding the suffering they had experienced in colonial time, and
considering the fact that colonial social services were provided on the basis
of colour (race) and economic status, they fought for independence heart and
soul.
that dominated political policies in colonial era was the improvement of
people’s ways of life after the attainment of Uhuru. Most
people, regarding the suffering they had experienced in colonial time, and
considering the fact that colonial social services were provided on the basis
of colour (race) and economic status, they fought for independence heart and
soul.
To their surprise,
today the same leaders who promised to help the common people to improve their
ways of life in their free countries, have betrayed their cause. This is to
say, social services for the poor have remained as poor as before. Today the
masses are disillusioned and they ask.
today the same leaders who promised to help the common people to improve their
ways of life in their free countries, have betrayed their cause. This is to
say, social services for the poor have remained as poor as before. Today the
masses are disillusioned and they ask.
Man
of the people
of the people
You
have always been telling us
have always been telling us
What
we need
we need
Health
centres
centres
More
schools
schools
Clean
water
water
Better
transport facilities
transport facilities
Better
living conditions
living conditions
This however, is not
what turned out to be. The millions of people still live in the same lifestyle
they lived before independence. To them, independence is but a change of colour
from white colonialists to black colonialists.
what turned out to be. The millions of people still live in the same lifestyle
they lived before independence. To them, independence is but a change of colour
from white colonialists to black colonialists.
AWARENESS
The kind of awareness
portrayed in the poem is that which the marginalized class have towards the
ruling class. The minority seems to be aware of everything that is taking
place. In so far as the liberation of the oppressed is concerned, awareness is
a very important step at least as the first thing to start with. Additionally,
it is a very vital step towards national development where the national
resources will benefit both the ruling class and the masses. Because of this
sense of awareness they ring out one message demanding for their right.
portrayed in the poem is that which the marginalized class have towards the
ruling class. The minority seems to be aware of everything that is taking
place. In so far as the liberation of the oppressed is concerned, awareness is
a very important step at least as the first thing to start with. Additionally,
it is a very vital step towards national development where the national
resources will benefit both the ruling class and the masses. Because of this
sense of awareness they ring out one message demanding for their right.
IRRESPONSIBILITY.
This is a state whereby
leaders are not thinking enough about the effects of what they do or not
showing a feeling of responsibility. In this poem leaders are irresponsible.
They are no longer concerned about the welfare of their people but they are
caught up in the same evil lifestyle of their colonial masters. The majority
has been left in the periphery while the minority is enjoying the national
cake. That’s why the majority class is asking?
leaders are not thinking enough about the effects of what they do or not
showing a feeling of responsibility. In this poem leaders are irresponsible.
They are no longer concerned about the welfare of their people but they are
caught up in the same evil lifestyle of their colonial masters. The majority
has been left in the periphery while the minority is enjoying the national
cake. That’s why the majority class is asking?
“Do
you plead incapable
you plead incapable
To
bring about development?
bring about development?
This is to say the
majority of people are now aware of their leaders’ irresponsibility and
triviality.
majority of people are now aware of their leaders’ irresponsibility and
triviality.
BUILDING THE FUTURE/STRUGGLE FOR CHANGE
The persona proposes
several changes that have to be taken by poor nations if they need to realize
sustainable development. Changes cannot be brought if the majority sits and
waits for their time. He shows for instance that development cannot be brought
by corrupt leaders. The implication is that they should change the ruling
system. But also he declares running better than walking for poor nations. People
must work harder than they are doing currently to fight for development.
several changes that have to be taken by poor nations if they need to realize
sustainable development. Changes cannot be brought if the majority sits and
waits for their time. He shows for instance that development cannot be brought
by corrupt leaders. The implication is that they should change the ruling
system. But also he declares running better than walking for poor nations. People
must work harder than they are doing currently to fight for development.
I
declare running
declare running
Better
than walking
than walking
For
a young and poor country;
a young and poor country;
I
plead fighting underdevelopment
plead fighting underdevelopment
Tougher
than fighting
than fighting
A
wounded buffalo
wounded buffalo
Therefore, as a matter
of facts, irresponsible leaders, corrupt rulers and selfish behaviour of the
few, will still remain the obstacles to development if at all the masses remain
passive. The end of the poem seems to have a sense of calling for action. He
leaves the audience with the question for everybody to ask him/herself. “How is development
to come?” Another similar question could be “Do we have to sit and
wait for our turn? Think about it.
of facts, irresponsible leaders, corrupt rulers and selfish behaviour of the
few, will still remain the obstacles to development if at all the masses remain
passive. The end of the poem seems to have a sense of calling for action. He
leaves the audience with the question for everybody to ask him/herself. “How is development
to come?” Another similar question could be “Do we have to sit and
wait for our turn? Think about it.
GUIDING QUESTION
(NECTA 2013)
(a)
What is the poem about?
What is the poem about?
The poem is about development. It criticises the concept of development
as taken by post-colonial leaders and how they have failed to bring about
sustainable development and hopes to the majority due to corruption,
exploitation, and selfishness.
as taken by post-colonial leaders and how they have failed to bring about
sustainable development and hopes to the majority due to corruption,
exploitation, and selfishness.
(b)
What is the tone and mood in this poem?
What is the tone and mood in this poem?
The persona is unhappy and disappointed because of what is taking place
in the society. Thus creates a disappointed and hatred mood towards the ruling
class.
in the society. Thus creates a disappointed and hatred mood towards the ruling
class.
(c)
How many stanzas are there?
How many stanzas are there?
There are 12 stanzas of
unequal length and uneven number of verses.
unequal length and uneven number of verses.
(d)
Show the relevance of the themes portrayed in this
poem to your society.
Show the relevance of the themes portrayed in this
poem to your society.
As for real the poem has
succeeded to pinpoint the reality of most African countries. While those who
fought for independence sleep on the same earth they slept before independence,
those who have fallen into things throw themselves into soft beds and exchange
cars as though they were clothes..
succeeded to pinpoint the reality of most African countries. While those who
fought for independence sleep on the same earth they slept before independence,
those who have fallen into things throw themselves into soft beds and exchange
cars as though they were clothes..
In our country Tanzania for example it can be seen from the way ministers
and other high government officials misuse the public funds for their benefit.
Corrupt leaders are signing bogus contracts that benefit them not the masses at
large. The minority are exploiting the majority. They will never be seen
attending public hospitals because they know how worse the condition is. Their
option is in most cases going to India or other developed countries with
executive health services.
and other high government officials misuse the public funds for their benefit.
Corrupt leaders are signing bogus contracts that benefit them not the masses at
large. The minority are exploiting the majority. They will never be seen
attending public hospitals because they know how worse the condition is. Their
option is in most cases going to India or other developed countries with
executive health services.
Not to speak of the schools. The condition is worse in public schools so
their children attend the seminaries, international and private schools.
their children attend the seminaries, international and private schools.
(e)
Who is the persona in this poem? How do you know?
Who is the persona in this poem? How do you know?
The persona is a
citizen from low class. The poet shows that the persona is not one of those
leaders because he is casting his complaints against the leaders, as he says
citizen from low class. The poet shows that the persona is not one of those
leaders because he is casting his complaints against the leaders, as he says
“How is
development
development
To be brought brother
When the people to whom
We have entrusted power
Are corrupt?”
(f)
What type of the poem is this?
What type of the poem is this?
It is a modern/freeverse poem but specifically a didactic
poem as it gives instruction to the citizens what they can do to reach
sustainable development. E.g. ‘I declare running better than walking…”
poem as it gives instruction to the citizens what they can do to reach
sustainable development. E.g. ‘I declare running better than walking…”
(g)
What is the message that is carried by this poem?
What is the message that is carried by this poem?
MESSAGE
Ø If the leaders are not careful with national
development one day the majority might stage a revolution.
development one day the majority might stage a revolution.
Ø Awareness is an important tool in so far as the
liberation of the oppressed is concerned.
liberation of the oppressed is concerned.
Ø Corrupt leaders are an obstacle to national
development.
development.
Ø Bringing about development is not a simple task or a
cheap commodity. It needs determination, dedication and focus.
cheap commodity. It needs determination, dedication and focus.
Ø Exploitation and misuse of public resources for
private gain are also an obstacle to development.
private gain are also an obstacle to development.
Ø Selfishness is not good if we need to bring about
sustainable development.
sustainable development.
Ø The leaders should fulfil their promises to the
majority when they get power.
majority when they get power.
(h)
How many verses are in this poem?
How many verses are in this poem?
(Count all the
lines)
lines)
(i)
Comment on
the language use in this poem.
Comment on
the language use in this poem.
Ø
The
language is very simple and straightforward and it helps the reader to get the
themes easily. The choice of words is also perfect they have a direct
connection with the themes.
The
language is very simple and straightforward and it helps the reader to get the
themes easily. The choice of words is also perfect they have a direct
connection with the themes.
Ø
E.g. the majority plead/exploited/ cheated/disregarded
E.g. the majority plead/exploited/ cheated/disregarded
FUGURES OF SPEECH
There are several figures of speech in the poem as follows.
v
Barbarism. Using more than one language in a literary work.
Barbarism. Using more than one language in a literary work.
Who for years since uhuru
v
Parallelism.
Parallelism.
Health centres
More schools
Clean water
Better transport
facilities
facilities
Better living conditions
v
Rhetorical question
Rhetorical question
Ø
Do you plead incapable to bring about development?
Do you plead incapable to bring about development?
Ø
..When the people to whom we have entrusted power are
corrupt?
..When the people to whom we have entrusted power are
corrupt?
Ø
How is development to come?
How is development to come?
v
Hyperbole/exaggeration
Hyperbole/exaggeration
·
I plead the stomachs of the privileged few greater
than the rift valley.
I plead the stomachs of the privileged few greater
than the rift valley.
·
I plead the thirst of the minority greater than that
of the Sahara.
I plead the thirst of the minority greater than that
of the Sahara.
v
Simile
Simile
But as slow as tropism to nation-building
v
Imagery.
Imagery.
There
are several images in this poem which the reader can imagine of in terms of;.
are several images in this poem which the reader can imagine of in terms of;.
Visual image– this is an image of sight e.g.
ü
Greater
than the Rift-Valley;
Greater
than the Rift-Valley;
ü
Camera
film to light, coils
of the greatest python
Camera
film to light, coils
of the greatest python
ü
Stronger
than the blows of the sea
Stronger
than the blows of the sea
ü
When
the hurricane
is at its height.
When
the hurricane
is at its height.
Organic image –this is image
of feeling
of feeling
ü
Dying
in agony
Dying
in agony
ü
More
painful
than the yell
More
painful
than the yell
Audio image – this is an image of sound
ü
The
yell
of a woman
The
yell
of a woman
ü
I
plead the cry of the nation
I
plead the cry of the nation
ü
the
screams
of a man
the
screams
of a man
Kinetic image –this is an image of motion.
ü Is faster than camera film
ü But as slow as tropism
ü I declare running
ü Better than walking
(j)
Is the poem relevant to
Tanzania today?
Is the poem relevant to
Tanzania today?
The poem is relevant because it has successfully depicted the problems
that are facing our country today thus becoming obstacles to development. These
include. Corruption, classes, selfishness, irresponsibility, marginalization,
poor social services etc.
that are facing our country today thus becoming obstacles to development. These
include. Corruption, classes, selfishness, irresponsibility, marginalization,
poor social services etc.