CIVICS NOTES FOR FORM ONE – ALL TOPICS

CIVICS NOTES FOR FORM ONE

TOPIC 1 – OUR NATION


TOPIC 2 – PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS


TOPIC 3 – HUMAN RIGHTS


TOPIC 4 – RESPONSIBLE CITIZENSHIP


TOPIC 5 – WORK

TOPIC 6 – FAMILY


TOPIC 7 – ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION

BENEFITS OF WORKING IN OUR SOCIETY  – PART 1

1. To earn a living

We
work to be paid, we get paid in order for us to meet our needs. We all have
needs to be met and most of them can be done with money. The wages and salaries
we get from our work helps us to get money to buy food, pay children’s school
fees etc

2. Increase our wealth

Wealth
brings comfort in life. Wealth is a very large amount of money and possessions.
When we work hard, we increase our wealth. Some people have or do more than one
job in order to get more money.

3. Work gives us purpose

If
treated right, work is not only the source of money that it is made out to be.
It is also the source of purpose is our lives. It allows us to lead a
meaningful and purposeful life.

The
purpose of life is to be happy, and one of the most important ways we can be
happy is by doing meaningful work. When we do work, that in some way, makes the
world a better place, we find that work meaningful and not drudgery.

4. Work provides a sense of identity

Human
identity is closely intertwined with the work individuals choose to pursue. The
occupation or career path one selects often becomes a significant part of how
they define themselves.

The
unique skills, expertise, and experiences gained through work shape a person’s
identity and contribute to a sense of self-worth. Moreover, the sense of
identity derived from work extends beyond personal growth; it enables
individuals to communicate their values and aspirations to others. As
people invest time and effort into a particular line of work, they cultivate a
distinct perspective and set of values, which ultimately contribute to the
mosaic of human diversity and culture.

…………….

Explain the meaning and types of life skills

A skill is the ability of an individual to apply his/her mental and physical power to control the environment. It involves things like thinking, playing and implementation so as to solve social, political, economic and culture problems. These skills are the ability to understand one self, build sound relationships with others, survive under difficult circumstances, act responsibly and safely, and solve problems. It addresses the balance between knowledge, attitude and skills.

Need for life skills

As children develop, their life begins to change. Adolescents may develop a variety of life skills to prepare them to face challenges, take up family responsibility, make decisions and think about what they want to be in the future. Life skills education addresses these issues for the benefit of the individual and society at large. Life skills equip adolescents with knowledge and attitudes that should lead to the requirement behavior. They reduce health risk and raise awareness on health and related behavior such as sexual abuse, drug abuse, violence, drunkenness, unwanted pregnancy, sexual transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS. Life skills play a decisive role in helping to prevent these behaviors and enlightening teenagers about these challenges so that they can protect themselves.

Types of Life Skills

There are three major types of life skills. These are: individual life skills, social skills and effective decision- making skills.

Individual life skills

The ability of a person to know and understand personal feelings, emotions, strengths, weaknesses as well as the position in life and society. It is also the ability of an individual to have a clear vision of self-identity of where he/she come from and culture which has shaped him/her.

The importance of Individual life skills

Individual skill is very important in building self- esteem and self- confidence as a person becomes aware of his/her own capabilities and position in the community. The more individual is aware of personal capabilities, the more capable he/she is of using those skills effectively and be able to make choices which are consistent with the opportunities available in the society which one lives. Individual life skills include self-awareness, ability to cope with stress, with emotions and assertiveness.

(a). Self-awareness

Awareness is the ability of knowing things. Thus self- awareness is the ability of an individual to know himself or herself, his or her feelings, emotions, strengths and weaknesses. This skill enables a person to ask important questions about himself or herself.

Evaluate yourself

Ask yourself the following questions and try to answer them.

Who am I and what is my role in the society?

What do I like, what are my dislikes and why?

What makes me happy, what makes me unhappy and why?

(b). Copying with stress

Stress is a mental, emotional or physical tension or pressure. It can be caused by the events such as examinations, divorce, death of a family member or a friend or problems in the family. A person needs to develop skills that help him or her to cope with stress. Evaluate yourself: Let’s say you have failed in your annual examinations:

Would you be happy with the results? Why?

Would your parents be happy with the results? Why?

Would you be able to explain the results to other people? Why?

How would you cope with this situation?

(c). Copying with emotions

Emotions are strong feelings such as love, the desire to be accepted, fear, anger shyness and disgust. The ability to handle emotions enables a person to control his/her strong feelings and actions. Evaluate yourself. Let’s say you are too shy to ask or answer questions in class:

How would you feel about this situation? Why?

How would your fellow students react to this behaviour during the lesson?

How would you overcome your shyness?

(d). Assertiveness

Assertiveness is the ability of a person to know what he/she wants and why, and be able to take necessary steps to achieve it. An assertive person is able to express his or her opinions or desires strongly and with confidence. However in achieving what he/she wants the person has to consider rights of others. Evaluate yourself; Let’s say you are having a debate session in school. The motion is, `Teachers should build laboratories for practical training in the school. ` You are proposing this motion. How can you convince the other students to support your side?

Social skills

This is the ability to understand and live in peace and harmony with others. These are skills for the development of positive interpersonal relationships with friends, family members, peers, people in authority and adults. Social life skills can be developed through the following:

(a). Building positive relationships with others

This is the ability of a person to meet and relate with others in various places such as schools, playing field and social gathering. Relationships can be between children and parents or students and teachers. They can also be between relatives, neighbours or peers. Being able to form healthy relationships enables one to know how to behave properly in each relationship.

(b). Peer resistance

Peer pressure is when one’s peers/friends influence another person to do something. Our friends can influence us to do good or bad things. For example, positive peer pressure can lead to you to work harder in school and improve your grades. Negative peer pressure can cause you to engage in wrong activities, such as drug abusing and escaping from school. Such bad behavior will get you into trouble with your teachers and parents. No one wants to have a friend who can lead one into problems. Peer resistance helps an individual to take control of him/herself by resisting negative influences from others. Evaluate yourself:

Have you ever been influenced by your friends to do something?Elaborate

Was it good or bad?

What did you do when you were influenced to do bad things?

(c). Empathy

This is the ability to understand other people`s feelings and to feel concerned about their problems. When you empathize, you imagine yourself in the other people`s situation. This skill enables us to share our friend’s problems. Evaluate yourself:

How do you feel when your best friend is faced with problems?

Imagine your friend has failed the civic test. Say how you would feel and what can you do to help him/her?

(d). Negotiation

This is the ability to agree on issues without undermining or going against one’s principles. It is an important skill when disagreements occur. Negotiation skills build good understanding. Evaluate yourself. Imagine your friend wants you to discuss mathematics with him/her while you wanted to discuss civics. How would you negotiate with him/her so that both of you can agree?

(e).Effective communication

This is the ability of a person to communicate with people according to their mood, age and background. It includes speaking, reading, listening and writing skills. This skill is very important in maintaining good relationship with other people. Speaking correctly means saying what you want in a way that can be easily and clearly understood. Evaluate yourself;

Do you talk to your parents the same way you talk to your younger brother or sister? Why?

How do you talk to your best friend when he/she is happy? How do you talk to him/her when he or she is sad?

Effective decision-making skills

These skills enable a person to make good decisions. The following are the aspects of effective decision-making skills: Critical thinking, creative thinking, problem-solving and decision-making.

(a).Critical thinking

This is the ability of a person to develop a deep understanding of something. It helps a person to understand the environment in which he/she lives and problems which might prevent him or her from making proper decisions. Before making a decision, a critical thinker considers the advantages and disadvantages of various ways of doing something. Critical thinker helps a person to come up with ideas to solve problems. Evaluate yourself What problems does your school face? Can you find out their cause? Have you ever thought of how to solve them?

(b). Creative thinking

This is the ability to think and come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. In life, creative thinking helps an individual to come up with solutions that other people had not thought of. Evaluate yourself

Have you found problems at your school or home which other people did not know of?

Were you able to suggest solutions that other people had not thought of?

(c). Decision-making

This is the ability to make the best choice out of many available options. The choice is made after considering its results. In life, it is important to think about consequences before making a decision. Evaluate yourself; Imagine your pen cannot write and you do not have money to buy a new one. How do you solve this problem?

Sources of life skills

People learn life skills from different sources. The following are the major ones.

1. Family: Parents, guardians and other relatives are primary source from whom we learn different life skills.
2. Neighbors: We learn the different ways that people live from our neighbors. Good neighbors help us to behave well.
3. Friends: Friends helps us to acquire various life skills. Exchanging good ideas with friends help to mold us in to well-behaved individuals.
4. Schools: The good education we get at school enables us to develop skills for life.
5. Society: the way people live in the society allows an individual to learn what is expected of him/her and how he/she should behave in different circumstances.
6. Religion: Good religion teachings help to get skills which enable us to live harmoniously in society Note: The above mentioned sources of life skills are sources of positive and progressive life skills.

The Importance of Life Skills

Illustrate the importance of life skills

Life skills are very important because they help develop abilities which are necessary for making life better. Some of the things that these skills enable us to do include:

Make proper decisions in life on different matters, like friendships, whichsubjects to studyin school and whatcareer to pursue.

Develop good behavior. Through social skills, a person is able to avoid bad friends and anti-social behavior such as smoking, drug abuse, abusing alcohol and getting into premature sexual relationships.

Increase love and understanding for other people because of good social skills.

Respond effectively to different situations. Through life skills, a person is able to handle unfortunate occurrences such as divorce, death of friends or relatives, examination pressure or any form of harassment or intimidation.

Maintain peace and order. Negotiation skills enable people to solve their problems peacefully. This helps prevent conflict.

Understand the environment and ways to fit in it because you have skills to solve any problem around you. It also helps to maintain the culture of your community.

How to Use Social Skills

Demonstrate how to use social skills

Social skills help a person to know and live with others peacefully. They give a person knowledge and ability to live a better life with other people in the society. Social skills consist of the ability to form good relationship with other people, make good friends, show empathy, exhibit peer resistance, negotiate effectively and have effective communication. We can use social skills in the following ways:

1. Forming relationship with other people, this skill enables one to know how to behave in each relationship. It helps a person to behave properly according to the prevailing situation.
2. Making good friends, a person can use this skill to make good friends. Good friends are those who Respect and assist us, our parents, relatives and elders; Go to school and follow school rules; Assist each other when in problems and Correct each other when one misbehave
3. Showing empathy, this is the ability to feel what others are going through, especially when they are experiencing problems. This social skill enables one to understand other people’s problems and show feelings. It enables a person to take part in finding out ways to solve other people’s problems.
4. Exhibiting peer resistance, a person who have proper social skills is able to resist bad influences from his/her peers or friends. Such a person does not do things that are unacceptable to society, for example fighting, prostitution, theft and truancy.
5. Displaying effective communication, proper communication can be used to establish good relationships with others people. It is through effective speaking, writing and listening that a person can establish relationships with others.
6. Problem solving, this is the social skill that enables a person to make a proper decisions in difficult times.

Consequences of not Applying Social Skills

Analyse the consequences of not applying social skills

Failure to apply life skills can lead to problems. Some of these problems are:

Improper choices: People may make wrong choices in their education and future careers. A person may find him/herself make wrong choices by studying subjects which he/she cannot fit in.

Bad behavior: People may develop bad behavior. For example, the youth may not respect their parents, teacher and elders, due to negative peer pressure. They may also get into drug abuse or stealing.

Conflicts: Conflicts can occur due to lack of negotiation skills. Such conflicts could be among students, in families, in communities or between countries.

Poverty: Poverty may occur or increase due to lack of proper decision-making in the society or country. Lack of creative skills to bring about development.

Poor leadership: Lack of good communication between leaders and the citizens can lead to poor leadership.

Lack of empathy: Lack of empathy may lead to increased suffering for those who have problems as those who do not have problems may not understand their circumstances.

Exercise 1

Write `T` for true statements and `F` for false statements

Life skills enable a person to know what to do at a certain times and what not to do.

Individual life skill is the ability of an individual to know himself or herself.

Self- awareness enables a person to understand others in various circumstances.

The ability to handle emotions which enables a person to control his or her feelings is among of individual life skills.

Social skills give an individual the knowledge and ability to live according to the needs of the society

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks.

The ability of a person to communicate with others while considering their mood, age and back ground is called————————

——–, ——–, and ——– are the primary source from whom we learn different life skills.

——————–is the ability to make the best choice out of many available options.

The ability of a person to resist negative influences from others is called——–.

Lack of negotiation skills may lead to ————-

……..

Limitations of Individual Human Rights

Human rights have limitations because there is no absolute freedom as all freedom is within certain boundaries. In a democratic society, such limitations should be reasonable, non-discriminatory and justifiable. The main reason for setting boundaries within which human rights are exercised is to protect the interests of other people.

The Meaning and Purpose of Limitations of Individual Human Rights

Explain the meaning and purpose of limitations of individual human rights

Everyone is free to enjoy his/her rights but in so doing one should not interfere with the rights of others. For example, freedom of speech does not mean a person is allowed to insult others. Other examples of limitations while exercising one’s rights include:

Freedom of expression – If a person uses abusive language he/she can be arrested. An individual’s right to freedom of speech does not mean one is allowed to insult other people.

Freedom of assembly – This can be limited if an assembly is likely to harm other people

Freedom of Association – People who have bad intentions, such as criminals, cannot be allowed to associate with the public as their actions are likely to harm others.

Right to personal freedom – Just because one has the right to personal freedom does not mean he/she can do things that offend others, such as walking naked.

…………

Human Rights Abuse

Abuse of human right is the unlawful prevention of a person`s enjoyment of his or her right as outlined in the constitution.

The Meaning and Effects of Human Rights Abuse

To be able to explain the meaning and effects of human rights abuse

Parents can abuse the rights of their children by:

Denying them education

Not providing basic needs, such as food and clothing for their children

Forcing their children to marry against their wishes, especially at a tender age

Giving their children severe punishment

Society can abuse an individual’s right through:

Beating and killing suspected criminals without giving them a fair trial in a court of law.

Abandoning children in the streets

Stigmatizing less fortunate members of the society, such the disabled and people living with HIV/AIDS.

The government can abuse human rights through:

1. Making oppressive laws that limit anindividual’s rights
2. Discriminating against citizens due to their race, gender, religion or ethnic group.
3. Not including a bill of rights in the constitution.
4. Not maintaining the rule of law.

Effects of human right abuse

The following are some effects of abusing human rights in the society:

Conflicts among family members and in the community. This leads to unrest and instability in the society due to the increase of crimes.

Conflicts between citizens and their government. This makes it difficult for the government to enforce law and order.

Citizens beingunable to perform their duties and responsibilities in peace.

Increased crime and poverty in the society

Oppression of less fortunate members in society. For example, workers may be underpaid or the poor may be denied justice in the court of law.

Citizens beingunable to obtain their basic needs when the right to work is denied or abused.

Differences between limitations and abuse of human rights

The differences between limitations of human rights and the abuse of human rights are listed in the table below.

Ways to combat abuse of human rights

The government has to maintain the rule of law where the rule of law is not maintained.

The government should educate its citizens about their basic rights so that they can claim them when they are denied.

The society has to respect all people, including the sick and disadvantaged.

The court of law should enforce the law in a just manner and punish those who abuse the rights of others, such as thieves and murderers.

There should be a system to control the activities of the government, e.g. the existence of a particular law to prevent the abuse of power.

The government should be transparent in its operations. Citizens should be kept informed about issues affecting them.

All people should be treated fairly and equally before the law. No one should be discriminated against because of their race, religion, gender or status in the society.

Exercise 1

Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements

Human rights are the entitlements that every person has.

Aspects of human rights have been defined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania.

Every person has the right to live and be respected by the society.

The constitution of United Republic of Tanzania does not give all citizens the right to own property.

Civil and political rights do not allow citizens to participate in the political matters of their community.

Exercise 1

Write the importance of each of the following human rights and freedom.

Right to life

Right to equal protection by the law

Freedom of expression

Environmental and developmental rights

Social and economic rights

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions.

What is the purpose of putting limitations on individual human rights?

State three ways in which the government, parents and societies can abuse human rights.

State three ways in which the abuse of human rights can be combated.